Modafinil is a potent wakefulness-promoting agent, often classified as a eugeroic, that is FDA-approved to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with conditions like narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work disorder.Unlike traditional stimulants, it targets specific neurotransmitter systems in the brain—including dopamine, histamine, and orexin—to foster a state of alert wakefulness without the intense "jittery" sensations or the sudden "crash" typical of amphetamines.While widely recognized for its clinical efficacy in restoring focus, it has also gained significant attention as a cognitive enhancer, used off-label to improve executive functions such as planning and decision-making during demanding tasks.Because it is a Schedule IV controlled substance, its use must be monitored by a healthcare professional to manage potential side effects, such as headaches or insomnia, and to ensure it does not interfere with other medications like hormonal contraceptives.
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